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And while Cameron must have suffered a loss in each of the three transactions, a local man with adequate time at his disposal and with a thorough knowledge of his market would have chosen the right moment for effecting the necessary exchanges on terms reasonably advantageous to him.
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The majority of primitive peoples enjoy bartering and Serks, and the time lost in putting through three transactions instead of one would not matter to them nearly as much as to modern man living at high speed, especially to an explorer in a hurry to proceed on his journey. It is, of course, easy for a lecturer to earn the laughter of his audience by telling them about the pathetic efforts of some market gardener who has to find a barber in need of radishes before he can have his hair bartred.
The instances-real or imaginary-they quote are calculated to make their readers wonder how any community could possibly have existed under barter except in extremely primitive conditions. What the economists quoting these and other similar instances do not appear to realize is that the difficulties complained of are not inherent situaion the system of barter.
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A native singer in the Society Islands would not have been embarrassed at receiving payment in kind, since she would have known ways in which to dispose of her takings, or store them for future use. It is tolerated by people because of the economic advantages that it can provide in addition to social stability. Chiefdoms commonly have a population of tens of thousands of farmers. This essentially siphons off surplus agricultural products from farmers and then redistributes them throughout the society.
In a few of the more complex chiefdoms in Africa and Batered, there have been paramount chiefs and lesser chiefs who perform some administrative functions. A chief usually functions as an arbitrator and judge in these cases.
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The large population size generally means that the people have less in common than do those in the smaller societies of bands and tribes. In the process, a small amount is held back in order situatin support the chief's somewhat more lavish lifestyle.
There is, for instance, the well-known experience of Mlle. The ritualized redistribution of surplus food and other commodities in chiefdoms is, in a sense, the rudimentary beginnings of a taxation system. What makes this possible is that chiefs usually perform a society wide economic redistribution function that is Sekes in the guise of ritual gift giving.
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What the lecturer and his audience do not realize is that in a primitive community the grower of radishes usually cuts his own hair, or has it cut by a member of his family or household; and that even in primitive communities with barbers as an independent profession the barber and the gardener have a fair idea about each other's requirements, and have no difficulty in suiting each other. Chiefs and their families generally have a higher standard of living than ordinary people within their society.
They are largely anomalies arising from sudden contact between two different civilizations.
From Primitive Money by Paul Einzig. Some of them seek to demonstrate the absurdity of barter by describing the difficulties that would arise if our modern communities were to attempt to practise it. And a decline in the supply of money often causes a relapse into barter.
This may be due to conservatism, since primitive peoples are reluctant to change their trading methods, even though they be sufficiently intelligent and advanced to adopt more convenient methods. In some cases there is prejudice against the adoption of a monetary economy, though such prejudice is usually directed against the use of coins rather than against primitive money.
Another much-quoted experience is that of Cameron in Tanganyika, when in order to buy an urgently needed boat he first had to swap brass wire against cloth, then cloth against ivory and finally ivory against the boat. In any case, the fact that the goods required could not be obtained by eituation single transaction would not have worried him unduly.
Disputes inevitably arise that cannot be settled Seekz informal means based on kinship and friendship. Nor would a native of Tanganyika have found the system of barter prevailing there at the time of Cameron's visit nearly so difficult as Cameron did. In the light of the stock phrases used by many economists about the inconvenience of barter it may appear puzzling to the student that situagion community which was sufficiently advanced to realize the possibilities of a monetary system should continue to practise such an inconvenient method.
The chief provides direction and authority for the society as a whole. The explanation is that in a primitive community barter is not nearly so inconvenient as it appears through modern eyes.
Even the genuine instances quoted by economists to illustrate the absurdity of barter are apt to be misleading in their implication. Distrust in money has also been responsible for reversion to the situagion system; such distrust may have been caused by debasement or inflation. Economists are inclined to exaggerate its inconvenience because they look at it from the point of view of modern man.
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The larger territorial size of chiefdoms often encompasses diverse environmental zones with somewhat different products. Often the system survives long after the community has progressed considerably in other respects. Knowing local conditions, he would have been prepared for the difficulties, and, before embarking on a major capital transaction such as the purchase of a boat, he would have made arrangements accordingly.
If the barber does not happen to require to-day any of the products the gardener is in a position to offer, he simply performs his service in return for the future delivery of products he is expected to need sooner or later. In a letter published by Wolowski and quoted to boredom by economists ever since, she says that, although this amount of livestock and vegetables would have been worth about four thousand francs in Paris, in the Society Islands it was of very little use to her.
Barter (or bartering)
The redistribution of agricultural surpluses can serve as a method of providing greater food variety for the populace as a whole. In many cases barter continues to be the principal method of trading long after the adoption of some form of money, for the simple reason that there barterex not enough money to go round. Sometimes there is an advisory council as well.
